Serum can be used monovalent or polyvalent (omniserum).

'46

Febrile man in hospital. He was coughing up phlegm yellow >>. << He also complained of chest pain. Breath sound

appear crackling. proposed a dense left lower lobe

consolidation. Hematologic studies showed leukocytosis. What is your diagnosis? This is a case of acute lower respiratory infection, possibly

partial pneumonia. What are bacterial pathogens of pneumonia? Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus

pneumonia (pneumococcus), Hemophilus influenza, Klebsiella

pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus. Other less pathogenic bacteria

include Legionella Pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. People

with poor oral hygiene, changes in swallowing reflexes or impaired consciousness

prone to infection due to anaerobes

desire oral fluid. Mycoplasma pneumonia is known to cause

primary atypical pneumonia. The fact that the samples collected? The patient was asked to spit into a sterile container. In Hospice samples such as bronchial washing specimen

transtrahealnoy or aspiration can be taken. Blood can be collected

blood culture. As the sample is processed? Gram stained smear should be made out of thick mucus >> << and there is pus cells and bacteria. A good example

should be less than 10 epithelial cells and more than 25

pus cells per low power field. Sputum

<< to be vaccinated >> or, preferably in. What are your observations? showed many pus cells with gram positive

lanceolate form cocci in pairs. Small, round, smooth colonies with >> << have been seen on blood agar. How do you define growth? showed gram-positive >> << lanceolate form cocci in pairs indicate the pneumococcus. These colonies were

bile solubility, inulin

fermentation, optochin susceptibility, the reaction capsule swelling reaction and mouse

. intraperitoneal inoculation may be made to differentiate

pneumococci with viridens streptococci. Pneumococcus positive >> << to, inulin fermentation reaction capsule swelling reaction is

and are pathogenic for mice. Capsule antgien

be found >> << or co-agglutination. What is the reaction capsule swelling reaction? Neufeld in also known as capsule

swelling reaction. When the suspension of pneumococcal colonies

treated with loop serum containing anitbodies in capsular polysaccharide >> << and observed under a microscope, appears capsule

swollen. The binding of antibodies to the capsular antigen is

to change the refractive index, making it swollen. Drops of methylene blue may be added to the suspension

provide contrast. Serum can be used monovalent or polyvalent (omniserum). What optochin susceptibility? Optochin is ethyl hydrocuprein hydrochloride, disc 5 mg strength >> << is located on the lawn culture of pneumococcus and

incubate. Great >> << (at least 10-13 mm in diameter) around the disk indicates

sensitivity. What is the bile solubility test? Pneumococcus have amidaznoy enzymes due to autolysis. These enzymes

can be activated surface-active substances such as salts of bile acids.

Bile solubility test can be done in

inch or for turbid, 1 ml of culture broth night

pneumococci,

add a few drops of 10% sodium dezoksyholat leads to clearance of the broth

15 minutes. Colonies probably pneumococci isolated and loopful

2% sodium dezoksyholat placed upon them, and incubated in

37

C for 30 minutes.

The disappearance of colonies leaving the field of alpha-hemolysis

indicates a positive test. What is the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia? Pneumonia is defined as inflammation and consolidation >> << lung tissue due to an infectious agent. Pneumococcus range

light after the first colonization of the oropharynx. S pneumonia

generally located in the nasopharynx and is

asymptomatically in approximately 50% of healthy people. Viral infections, pneumococcal increase investment in >> << receptors on activated airway epithelium. The presence of capsule

main factor of virulence, as it helps the bacteria avoid phagocytosis

. Pneumonic plague progresses as pneumococcus

multiply in alveoli and alveolar epithelium to invade. Pneumococcus has spread from the alveoli into the alveoli, thereby making

inflammation and consolidation of partial sections. Dappled >> << bronchopneumonic picture with lower fractions observed in >> << elderly. In S. pneumonia infection tends to attract

pleura, pleurisy often seen. What other infections of pneumococcus? Pneumococci are known to cause sinusitis, otitis media, septic arthritis

, sepsis, meningitis and endocarditis. What are antibiotics used to treat strattera price this condition <<? Penicillin >> still the drug of choice, but many strains

currently developing resistance through changes in the

penicillin binding proteins. Alternative selections include

macrolides (erythromycin, roksytromitsyn, clindamycin), quinolones

(ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), cephalosporins (cefuroxime,

tsefpodoksym, cefotaxime). Many penicillin-resistant strains

also resistant to erythromycin, kotrimoksazol, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and

. Choosing the appropriate antibiotic should be made

after all. What conditions may predispose to pneumococcal infections? Chronic alcoholism, splenectomy, pre-SARS

diseases, malnutrition, chronic smoking, cirrhosis,

ischemic heart disease, etc. Is there a vaccine against pneumococcal infection? 23-valent vaccine polysaharydnoy 23 most common serotypes was

used in some countries. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

was recommended for use in

children from 2 years old who have high levels of diseases, including >> << those with sickle cell disease (VSS), chronic diseases of primary

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or others who

immunocompromised. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal infections in

older children and adults, these vaccines do not protect children

at the age of 2 years. 7-valent pneumococcal protein polysaharydnoy

combined vaccine was licensed for use among children and young people

children, as it reduces and prevents pneumococcal colonization >> << diseases among children under 2 years. .